14 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles TABLE 1.2 Model Year 2020 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Examples Fuel Economy (miles/g) (City/Combined/Highway) Make and Model Vehicle Type Engine Size/Cylinders Toyota Prius Eco Sedan/Wagon 1.8 L, I4 58/56/53 Hyundai Ioniq Blue Sedan/Wagon 1.6 L, I4 57/58/59 Honda Insight Sedan/Wagon 1.5 L, I4 55/53/49 Kia Niro FE Sedan/Wagon 1.6 L, I4 52/50/49 Hyundai Sonata Blue Sedan/Wagon 2.0 L, I4 51/52/54 Toyota Camry Hybrid Sedan/Wagon 25 L, I4 51/52/53 LE a few companies. In 2008, Tesla motors delivered the Tesla Roadster, which is the first production vehicle to use Li-ion battery technology and the first BEV to travel more than 200 miles on a single charge.
The Tesla Roadster was designed for performance with an acceleration rating of 0–60 mph in 3.9 s. The vehicle was produced between 2008 and 2012, and about 2,450 vehicles were sold during that period in over 30 countries. The vehicle’s components and specifications are as follows: • Battery pack: 375 V, 53 kWh capacity made of 6,831 Li-ion cells. • Nominal range: 244 miles/charge. • Vehicle curb mass: 1,238 kg; battery-pack mass 450 kg. • Electric motor: 215 kW, 400 N m peak three-phase AC induction motor; peak speed 14,000 rpm; base speed 5,133 rpm. • Transmission gear ratio: 8.28 to 1 in forward motion and 3.12 to 1 in reverse.
Tesla Roadster is slated to return in 2021 with an improved performance of 0–60 mph in 1.9 s and a top speed of 250 mph. The EV production changed significantly within the last decade, and almost all of the major automotive manufacturers including both traditional and emerging OEMs have vehicles to offer for sale or lease to the general public. The available selection is wide with varying performance and cost as the vehicle manufacturers come with their variations to gain their share in this emerging market. In 2020, there are 27 different models of BEVs available from 11 different manufacturers.
The top five BEVs with the highest all electric range from five different manufacturers from the 2020 vehicles are listed in Table 1.3 [7]. The most popular EV in the market in terms of the number of sales is the Tesla Model 3, which sold more than 300,000 vehicles in 2019. Beijing Senova D50 from BAIC (Beijing Auto Works) and the Nissan Leaf came in second and third with 111,147 and 69,870 vehicles, respectively, sold in 2019. For the powertrain, most of the EV manufacturers use PM synchronous motors. AC induction motor is the other machine type used by some vehicle manu- facturers who see the value of using these machines due to the cost of PM machines.
While BEVs made their entry into the market, few auto manufacturers started developing and offering the PHEVs. The most notable among these is the Chevy Volt from General which was available for several years starting from 2010. Chevy Volt is a PHEV40 with a range of 40 miles. Toyota also started offering a PHEV version of their most successful Toyota Prius hybrid soon after the introduction of Chevy Volt. For model year 2020, there are 35 types of PHEVs available offered by 17 different manufacturers. Seven PHEVs from 2020 with the highest all electric range are listed in Table 1.4 [7].
The FCEV is a viable alternative to BEVs to serve as a ZEV without the range problem provided a hydrogen dispensing infrastructure can be established. Daimler-Chrysler built a pro- totype electric van called NECAR1 in 1994 using a 50 kW Ballard proton exchange membrane