Introduction To ensure the safety of personnel and facilities, vehicle maintenance facilities are required by law and by guidelines of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the International Mechanical Code (IMC), and the International Fire Code (IFC) to incorporate certain building/structural design features. They are also required to be fitted with certain fire protection equip ment and devices because of the potential for fire or explosion if fuel leaks or spills. All fuels have an explo sion or fire potential if specific conditions are present; however, the means of ensuring safety are different based upon the properties of different fuels.
additional safeguards, such as combustible-gas detectors and control systems or specialized space heating, which are not needed in facilities servicing liquid-fuel vehicles. Although some of the means of protection for CNG vehicle maintenance facilities are similar to those used for liquid-fueled vehicles, the types and placement of the equipment are different because of the gaseous nature of the fuel and its properties. The hazard presented by liquid fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, results from the spillage of these liquids and subsequent ignition of vapors, causing a fire or explo sion.
Facilities that maintain liquid-fueled vehicles and implement appropriate safety measures are protected with ventilation systems designed to capture liquid fuel vapors at or near floor level. To minimize the potential for ignition in the event of a spill, receptacles, electrical fixtures, and hot-work operations, such as welding, are located outside of these areas. This handbook covers the five primary elements below that must be considered when developing a CNG vehicle maintenance facility design that will protect against the ignition of natural gas releases.
• Ventilation must provide sufficient air flow to reduce the concentration of the released gas and at the same time evacuate the gas from the structure. • Paths of migration must be controlled to prevent the released gas from entering unprotected areas of the structure. Facilities that maintain vehicles fueled by natural gas require implementation of different safety measures. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is composed of mostly methane (CH 4 ) with slight amounts of other hydrocar bons. CNG is lighter than air and will therefore rise to the ceiling of the maintenance facility and quickly dissipate rather than remaining at or near floor level like liquid fuel vapors in the event of a release.
If concentrations of 5%–15% by volume of natural gas encounter an ignition source, the natural gas may ignite, with potentially serious results. However, due to natural gas’s ability to rapidly dissipate, this concentration is rarely seen in practice. The lower flammability limit (LFL) for CNG (5.3%) is considerably higher than that for gasoline (1.4%) or for diesel (0.6%). The specific properties of methane, as well as other vehicle fuels, are given in Appendix A. • Space heating must be designed in accordance with guidelines so that open flames or hot surfaces do not provide an ignition source.
• Electrical wiring and equipment must be installed in such a manner that they do not provide sources of ignition due to sparking. The equipment itself can be designed to be “explosion proof.” • Methane detection and control systems and alarms must provide defense against dangerous concen trations of natural gas by alerting personnel and disabling potential electrical ignition sources. All are accompanied by the need to establish specific protocols and training to ensure safety. Each of these is discussed in detail in this handbook. Facilities that maintain CNG vehicles indoors must also be protected against fire and explosion.
Although some of the means of protection for CNG vehicle mainte nance facilities are similar to those used for liquid-fueled vehicles (ventilation and elimination of ignition sources), the types and placement of the protection equipment are different because of the gaseous nature of the fuel and its properties. CNG maintenance facilities may also require There is inconsistent and conflicting information regard ing CNG vehicle maintenance facility protection require ments within the industry.
The purpose of this handbook is to provide a thorough review of all aspects of indoor CNG vehicle maintenance facility protection, including the initial assessment of the facility, code compliance requirements, and specific design criteria. Alternative COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS VEHICLE MAINTENANCE FACILITY MODIFICATION HANDBOOK 4