Contents vii Chapter 12: Battery Abuse Tolerance................................................................139 Failure Modes of Lithium-Ion Batteries.................................................................... 141 Characterization and Performance Testing................................................................ 142 Safety and Abuse Testing.......................................................................................... 146 Certification Testing.................................................................................................. 148 Chapter 13:
Industrial Standards and Organizations............................................153 Voluntary Standards.................................................................................................. 155 Research and Development and Trade Groups......................................................... 163 Mandatory Standards Organizations......................................................................... 165 Chinese Standards and Industry Organizations......................................................... 166 European Standards and Industry Organizations...................................................... 166 Chapter 14:
Second Life and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries............................169 Repairing and Remanufacturing................................................................................ 170 Refurbishing, Repurposing, and Second Life........................................................... 170 Second Life Partnerships........................................................................................... 173 Recycling................................................................................................................... 174 Chapter 15:
Lithium-Ion Battery Applications.....................................................177 Personal Transportation Applications........................................................................ 177 Automotive Applications........................................................................................... 183 Bus and Public Transportation.................................................................................. 194 HD Truck Applications.............................................................................................. 196 Industrial Applications..............................................................................................
196 Robotics and Autonomous Applications................................................................... 198 Marine and Maritime Applications........................................................................... 199 Grid and Stationary Applications.............................................................................. 200 Aerospace Applications............................................................................................. 206 Chapter 16: The Future of Lithium-Ion Batteries and Electrification......................211 Major Trends.............................................................................................................
211 Technological Trends................................................................................................ 212 Future Trends in Battery Technology........................................................................ 214 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 216 References.......................................................................................................217 Appendix A: USABC 12-V Stop/Start Battery Pack Goals...................................223 Appendix B: USABC 48-V Battery Pack Goals....................................................225 Appendix C:
USABC HEV Battery Pack Goals....................................................227 Appendix D: USABC PHEV Battery Pack Goals..................................................229 Appendix E: USABC EV Battery Pack Goals.......................................................231 Index..............................................................................................................233