Preface to the Third Edition Automobile engineers of multiple disciplines collaborate to make the complex and intriguing tech- nologies of a vehicle. The vehicle itself serves as an excellent and exciting system to educate students about electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering. The purpose of this textbook is to describe and present the vehicle from a systems engineering perspective in the context of modern electric and hybrid vehicles. Over the past decade, electric road transport technologies have advanced sig- nificantly that made it essential to include more of the evolving technologies and design elements of electric powertrain components in the third edition of this book.
The global sale of electric vehicles that include both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug- in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) exceeded the 5 million mark in 2019 with the ratio between BEVs and PHEVs tilting more toward the former. The adoption rate has been steadily increasing, taking only 6 months for 1 million BEVs to be sold as opposed to the 5 years it took for the first million BEVs to be sold. Environmental concerns and energy challenges prompted the societal demand for clean, efficient and sustainable vehicles for urban transportation.
The market drivers are technol- ogy improvements and cost reduction in battery and powertrain components, tightening emission standards around the world, and investments in new business opportunities. Traditional original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as well as new generation manufacturers are responding to the demand with many models of varying range and features. This book will present a comprehensive systems-level perspective of electric and hybrid electric vehicles with emphasis on technical aspects, mathematical relationships and basic design guide- lines.
Additions in the third edition include analysis and design guidelines for electric powertrain components, particularly that of traction inverters, electric machines and motor drives. The tech- nology trend to incorporate WBG power electronics and reduced rare-earth permanent magnet electric machines in the powertrain components has been highlighted. Charging stations are a criti- cal component for the electric vehicle infrastructure, and hence, a chapter on vehicle interactions with the power grid has been added. Autonomous driving is another emerging technology which will become an integral part of modern vehicles equipped with either electric or internal combus- tion engines.
A chapter on autonomous driving system architecture and the hardware and software needs for such systems has been included in this edition of the book. The platform has been set for systems-level simulations to develop models using various softwares used in academia and industry, such as MATLAB/Simulink, PLECS, PSIM, Motor-CAD and Altair Flux. Examples and simula- tion results are provided in this edition using these software tools. Contact information for obtaining these software products are provided for the users.
This book will provide the educational materials on electric and hybrid vehicles for classroom use and may also serve as a reference for the design and development of electric and hybrid vehicles and their components to a working engineer. Discussion on most topics has been limited to fun- damentals only, considering the wide spectrum of technical aspects related to electric and hybrid vehicle systems. Appropriate references are given to direct the readers toward details on topics for further reading. The intent of the book is to provide the students and engineers with the necessary background for starting the design process and evaluating the relevant technologies.
The book, similar to the earlier editions, starts with a systems-level introduction to electric and hybrid vehicles along with the historical background of these vehicles in Chapter 1. The laws of physics that govern vehicle motion and roadway fundamentals are presented in Chapter 2. The design guidelines for the power and energy requirements based on force-velocity characteristics of ground vehicles are established in this chapter. The electric and hybrid vehicle architectures and powertrain component sizing requirements are addressed in Chapter 3. The autonomous vehicle architecture, and its hardware and software components are presented in Chapter 4. xv