vi Contents 2.7.2 Traction Force at Tire–Road Interface ...............................................
41 2.7.3 Force Transmission at Tire–Road Interface .......................................42 2.7.4 Quarter Car Model .............................................................................43 2.7.5 Traction Limit and Control ................................................................44 2.8 Propulsion System Design ...............................................................................46 Problems .....................................................................................................................46 References ..................................................................................................................49 Chapter 3 Vehicle Architectures and Design ..............................................................................
51 3.1 Electric Vehicles ..............................................................................................
51 3.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles ..................................................................................52 3.2.1 Hybrids Based on Architecture ..........................................................53 3.2.1.1 Series and Parallel Hybrids ................................................53 3.2.1.2 Series–Parallel Hybrid ........................................................55 3.2.1.3 Series–Parallel 2 Ч 2 Hybrid...............................................56 3.2.2 Hybrids Based on Transmission Assembly ........................................57 3.2.2.1 Pre- and Post-transmission Hybrids ...................................57 3.2.2.2 P0–P4 Hybrid Architectures...............................................58 3.2.2.3 48 V Hybrid Architectures .................................................59 3.2.3 Hybrids Based on Degree of Hybridization .......................................60 3.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle .......................................................................60 3.4 Electric Vehicles:
Skateboard Chassis ............................................................. 61 3.5 Powertrain Component Sizing .........................................................................62 3.5.1 EV Powertrain Sizing .........................................................................63 3.5.1.1 Initial Acceleration .............................................................64 3.5.1.2 Rated Vehicle Velocity .......................................................65 3.5.1.3 Maximum Velocity .............................................................65 3.5.1.4 Maximum Gradability ........................................................66 .
3.5.2 HEV Powertrain Sizing ......................................................................66 3.5.2.1 Rated Vehicle Velocity .......................................................67 3.5.2.2 Initial Acceleration .............................................................68 3.5.2.3 Maximum Velocity .............................................................68 3.5.2.4 Maximum Gradability ........................................................69 3.5.3 HEV Powertrain Sizing Example.......................................................69 3.5.3.1 Total Power Required: Initial Acceleration ........................70 3.5.3.2 IC Engine Power:
Cruising Speed ......................................71 3.5.3.3 Maximum Velocity .............................................................72 3.5.3.4 Generator Sizing .................................................................73 3.5.3.5 Battery Sizing .....................................................................73 3.6 Mass Analysis and Packaging .........................................................................73 3.7 Mission-Based Design with Vehicle Simulation .............................................75 3.7.1 Vehicle Simulation Model ..................................................................75 3.7.2 Standard Drive Cycles ........................................................................77 Problems .....................................................................................................................83 References ..................................................................................................................84 Chapter 4 Autonomous Vehicles .................................................................................................87 4.1 Five Levels of Autonomous Driving ...............................................................88 4.2 Autonomous Vehicle Functional Architecture ................................................89