Downloaded from https://www.everyspec.com FM 3-13 __________________________________________________________________________________ together and synchronizing them with ground operations. Capitalizing on this knowledge, the Joint Staff produced a series of doctrinal publications that culmi- nated in October 1998 with JP 3-13, Joint Doctrine for Information Operations . Today, Army IO doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) adapt joint IO doctrine to achieve information superiority at decisive points during full spectrum operations.
Because adversaries have asymmetric abilities to counter finite friendly IO capabilities, the probability of maintaining information superi- ority over long periods is unlikely. Therefore, commanders execute IO to gain information superiority at times and places where it supports their intent and concept of operations. Technological advancements in automated INFOSYS and communications have allowed commanders to see the battlefield as actions unfold, closer to near real- time than ever before, and to rapidly pass information across their areas of op- erations. Combined, IO and advanced INFOSYS and communications continue to shorten the time required for staff processes.
This compresses the decision cycle and increases operational tempo, the rate of military action. Commanders now have opportunities to achieve decisive results early in an operation, reducing casualties and conserving resources. Advancements in automated INFOSYS and communications carry with them vulnerabilities commanders need to recognize and offset. Clearly, a force dependent on technology offers adversaries new opportunities to degrade its effectiveness. Army forces face significant vulnerabilities due to their dependence on infor- mation technology.
Army communications and technologies are becoming more and more dependent on commercial backbones and commercial off-the-shelf products and systems that are also readily available to potential adversaries. This situation makes defensive IO an essential aspect of all operations. vi