GRDC: The Global Runoff Data Base (GRDB) maintained by the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) has been the primary dataset used in large-scale hydrological studies, with more than 9000 stations available to the research community (GRDC, 2015). The GRDC is an international archive of data up to 200 years old and fosters multinational and global long-term hydrological studies. Originally established three decades ago, the aim of the GRDC is to help earth scientists analyse global climate trends and assess environmental impacts and risks. https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/ AIPo: The Italian hydrological monitoring network is managed at regional level by different agencies.
For the Po basin, the Agenzia Interregionale del Fiume Po (AIPo) is responsible for the coordination of the hydraulic activity, the management and improvement of river navigation infrastructures, environmental and river protection and the coordination of the flood service. For the management of extreme events, AIPo is involved in forecasting and monitoring. Specifically, the website of the agency ( https://www.agenziapo.it/content/monitoraggio-idrografico-0 ) shows real-time and historical measurements that can be freely downloaded by any users. SCHAPI: In France, in situ gages operated by regional public agencies (i.e.
DREALs, Directions Rйgionales de l'Environnement, de l'Amйnagement et du Logement) are collected by the SCHAPI (Service Central d'Hydromйtйorologie et d'Appui а la Prйvision des Inondations). SCHAPI releases these data publicly via the online “HydroPortail” national database ( https://hydro.eaufrance.fr ). These public agencies are responsible to observe and forecast floods, and to alert the population in case of dangerous events ( https://www.vigicrues.gouv.fr/ ). SO-HYBAM: The HYBAM observatory is a unique facility that has been in operation since 2003, with a specialized focus on the monitoring of rivers and water resources in the Amazon region.
HYBAM serves as a research support service, conducting extensive and long-term hydrological, sedimentary, and geochemical measurements to gain insights into the origin and evolution of water and transported materials (such as sediments, organic matter, nutrients, etc.) in Amazonian rivers, spanning from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean. HYBAM collaborates with partners from all countries within the basin and extends its network by including four additional. stations located along rivers that also flow into the tropical Atlantic Ocean: the Orinoco, Congo, Maroni, and Oyapock rivers ( https://hybam.obs- mip.fr/fr/donnees/ ). HYDAT:
Hydrometric data are collected and compiled by Water Survey of Canada’s eight regional offices. The information is housed in two centrally managed databases: HYDEX and HYDAT. HYDEX is the relational database that contains inventory information on the various streamflow, water level, and sediment stations (both active and discontinued) in Canada. This database contains information about the stations themselves such as location, equipment, and type(s) of data collected. HYDAT is a relational database that contains the actual computed data for the stations listed in HYDEX. These data include daily and monthly means of flow, water levels and sediment concentrations (for sediment sites).
For some sites, peaks and extremes are also recorded. The historical discharge data were extracted from the Environment and Climate Change Canada Historical Hydrometric Data web site https://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/mainmenu/historical_data_index_e.html ArcitcGRO: The Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) is a collaborative research initiative dedicated to studying and monitoring the hydrology and discharge of some of the largest rivers in the Arctic region.
By collecting and analyzing comprehensive data from these rivers, ArcticGRO contributes essential insights into the complex processes and changes occurring in the Arctic's freshwater systems, which are of significant importance in understanding climate change and its effects on the polar environment. The historical discharge data from the ArcticGRO database are available on their official website: https://arcticgreatrivers.org/discharge/ . RivDIS: The Global River Discharge (RivDIS) data set contains monthly discharge measurements for 1018 stations located throughout the world. The period of record varies widely from station to station, D.3 River Discharge ATBD. Reference:
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