xi Contents 9.2.1.3 Buck-Boost Converter .......................................................276 9.2.1.4 Fourth-Order DC/DC converters......................................278 9.2.1.5 Cascading of Converters ...................................................278 9.2.1.6 Synchronous Rectification ................................................279 9.2.2 Isolated DC/DC Converters .............................................................280 9.3 EV Powertrain Converters .............................................................................284 9.3.1 Powertrain Boost Converter .............................................................285 9.3.2 Traction Inverter ...............................................................................288 9.3.2.1 Power Device Selection ....................................................289 9.3.2.2 Busbar and Packaging ......................................................290 9.3.2.3 DC Bus Filtering ...............................................................
291 9.3.2.4 Gate Drive Design ............................................................292 9.3.2.5 Controller and Sensors ......................................................293 9.3.2.6 Thermal Design ................................................................294 9.3.3 High- to Low-Voltage DC/DC Converter .........................................297 9.3.4 On-Board Battery Charger ...............................................................297 9.4 Cell-Balancing Converters ............................................................................299 9.4.1 Passive Balancing Methods ..............................................................299 9.4.2 Active Balancing Methods ...............................................................301 9.4.2.1 Individual DC/DC Converter ...........................................302 9.4.2.2 Centralized DC/DC Converter .........................................303 9.4.2.3 Current Diverter DC/DC Converter .................................304 References ................................................................................................................305 Chapter 10 Electric Motor Drives ...............................................................................................307 10.1 Electric Drive Components ...........................................................................307 10.2 DC Drives ......................................................................................................308 10.2.1 Two-Quadrant Chopper ....................................................................308 10.2.2 Open Loop Drive ..............................................................................
310 10.2.2.1 Steady-State Analysis of Quadrant 1 ................................ 312 10.2.2.2 Ripple Reduction in i a ....................................................... 313 10.2.2.3 Acceleration (Continuous Conduction Mode, CCM) ....... 314 10.2.2.4 Acceleration (Discontinuous Conduction Mode, DCM) .... 315 10.2.2.5 Acceleration (Uncontrollable Mode, UNCM) .................. 316 10.2.2.6 Braking Operation (CCM in Steady State) ....................... 316 10.2.2.7 Regenerative Power ...........................................................
319 10.3 Operating Point Analysis ...............................................................................320 10.4 AC Drives ......................................................................................................323 10.4.1 Six-Step Operation ...........................................................................324 10.4.1.1 Harmonic Analysis ...........................................................327 10.4.2 Pulse Width Modulation ..................................................................328 10.4.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM ...............................................................328 10.4.2.2 Harmonics in Sinusoidal PWM ........................................330 10.4.2.3 Space Vector (SV) PWM ..................................................330 10.4.2.4 Generation of SV PWM Switching Signals ......................
333 10.5 SRM Drives ................................................................................................... 337 Problems ...................................................................................................................338 References ................................................................................................................342