Contents Preface to the Third Edition ............................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xvii Author .............................................................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Electric and Hybrid Vehicles ...............................................................1 1.1 Electric Vehicles ................................................................................................3 1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles ....................................................................................3 1.3 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Components .........................................................4 1.4 Vehicle Mass and Performance .........................................................................7 1.5 Electric Motor and Engine Ratings ...................................................................8 1.6 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle History .................................................................9 1.6.1 The Early Years ..................................................................................10 1.6.2 1960s ..................................................................................................10 1.6.3 1970s ...................................................................................................
11 1.6.4 1980s and 1990s .................................................................................12 1.6.4.1 GM Impact 3 (1993 Completed) .........................................12 1.6.4.2 Saturn EV1..........................................................................13 1.6.5 Recent EVs and HEVs ........................................................................13 1.7 Well-to-Wheel Analysis................................................................................... 16 1.8 EV/ICEV Comparison .....................................................................................
17 1.8.1 Efficiency Comparison ....................................................................... 18 1.8.2 Pollution Comparison .........................................................................20 1.8.3 Capital and Operating Cost Comparison ...........................................20 1.8.4 US Dependence on Foreign Oil..........................................................20 1.9 Electric Vehicle Market ...................................................................................
21 Problems .....................................................................................................................22 References ..................................................................................................................22 Chapter 2 Vehicle Mechanics .....................................................................................................23 2.1 Roadway Fundamentals ...................................................................................23 2.2 Laws of Motion ................................................................................................25 2.3 Vehicle Kinetics ...............................................................................................27 2.4 Dynamics of Vehicle Motion ...........................................................................29 2.5 Propulsion Power .............................................................................................30 2.5.1 Force–Velocity Characteristics...........................................................30 2.5.2 Maximum Gradability ........................................................................32 2.6 Velocity and Acceleration ................................................................................32 2.6.1 Constant F TR , Level Road ...................................................................33 2.6.1.1 Velocity Profile ...................................................................34 2.6.1.2 Distance Traversed .............................................................34 2.6.1.3 Tractive Power ....................................................................35 2.6.1.4 Energy Required .................................................................36 2.6.2 Non-constant F TR , General Acceleration ............................................37 2.7 Tire–Road Force Mechanics ...........................................................................39 2.7.1 Slip ......................................................................................................40 v