xiii Contents Chapter 13 Internal Combustion Engines ...................................................................................389 13.1 Heat Engines ..................................................................................................389 13.1.1 Reciprocating Engines .....................................................................390 13.1.2 Practical and Air-Standard Cycles ...................................................392 13.1.2.1 Air-Standard Otto Cycle ...................................................392 13.1.2.2 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle ................................................394 13.1.3 Gas Turbine Engines ........................................................................395 13.2 BMEP and BSFC ...........................................................................................396 13.3 Vehicle Fuel Economy ...................................................................................398 13.3.1 Fuel Economy in Hybrids .................................................................400 13.4 Emission Control System ..............................................................................401 13.4.1 Generation of Pollutants ...................................................................401 13.4.2 Effect of Air-fuel Ratio on Emissions ..............................................403 13.4.3 NO x Flow Rate ..................................................................................404 13.4.4 Emission Control Components .........................................................407 13.4.4.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation ...............................................407 13.4.4.2 Catalytic Converter ...........................................................407 13.4.5 Treatment of Diesel Exhaust Emissions ...........................................408 13.4.5.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts ...............................................408 13.4.5.2 Diesel Particulate Filters ...................................................409 13.4.5.3 Methods of NO x Reduction ...............................................409 Problems ...................................................................................................................
411 References ................................................................................................................ 411 Chapter 14 Power Transmission, Brakes and Cooling Systems ................................................. 413 14.1 Power Transmission Components .................................................................. 413 14.1.1 Electric Vehicle Powertrain .............................................................. 414 14.2 Gears .............................................................................................................. 415 14.2.1 Gear Ratio ........................................................................................
416 14.2.2 Torque-Speed Characteristics .......................................................... 419 14.2.3 Planetary Gear Set ...........................................................................
421 14.3 Clutches .........................................................................................................423 14.4 Automobile Differential ................................................................................423 14.5 Transmission ..................................................................................................424 14.5.1 Manual Transmission .......................................................................425 14.5.2 Automatic Transmission ...................................................................426 14.5.2.1 Torque Converter ..............................................................426 14.5.2.2 Automatic Transmission in Hybrids .................................427 14.5.3 Continuously Variable Transmission................................................427 14.5.4 eCVT/HEV Transmission ................................................................429 14.6 Vehicle Brakes ...............................................................................................429 14.6.1 Conventional Brake System .............................................................429 14.6.2 Electromechanical Brake System .....................................................
433 14.7 Cooling Systems ............................................................................................436 14.7.1 Climate Control System ...................................................................436 14.7.1.1 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle .......................... 437 14.7.1.2 Vehicle Air-Conditioning System ..................................... 439 14.7.2 Powertrain Component Cooling System ..........................................440