Skyworth Samagra User & Service Manual (EN)

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ic.Sci. Vol-2 8(E) BASIC SCIENCE Part - 2 Standard VIII Government of Kerala Department of Education State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), KERALA 2016 KT-487-1/Bas

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The National Anthem The National Anthem Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, Tava subha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be wor- thy of it. I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy.

I pledge my devotion to my country and my people. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT First Edition : 2015, Reprint : 2016 Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala

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Dear students, You were provided with opportunities to observe your surroundings and engage in simple experiments and investigative activities in earlier classes. The classroom experience, undoubtedly, might have helped you to record the information systematically and assimilate ideas through discussion and analysis. While understanding the scientific approach, there should also be the attitude to take forward the skills to apply them in day-to- day life. Moreover, an eco-friendly perspective must be adopted too. All these, through direct experiences, enquiry and understanding preferably. This textbook presents ideas in accordance with this.

There are experiments, illustrations and explanatory details that enable the comprehension of these ideas. There are opportunities appropriate to the situation to make learning more enjoyable. Go ahead, thinking, asking questions, approaching ideas critically and quizzing with teachers and friends. Make learning a joyful experience. Regards, Dr. J. Prasad Director, SCERT

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TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM Emerson F EXPERTS TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM Emerson F EXPERTS GGHS, Chavara, Kollam Prof. Sivasankara Pillai Satheesh. R Head (Rtd.), Dept. of Physics, GHSS Anchal West, Kollam Women's College, Trivandrum Shajil. U.K GGHSS, Balussery, Kozhikode Dr. S Mohanan Reader & Head (Rtd.), Dept. of Physics, Nisar Ahamed M GHSS Venjarammood, Trivandrum University College, Trivandrum Rasheed Odakkal Paul P I GVHSS Kondotti, Malappuram Associate Prof., Dept. of Zoology, Mar Ivanios Vineesh T.V College, Trivandrum GHS Chenad, Wayanad Dr Alaudeen M P.D. Baby Principal (Rtd.) Govt. College, Elerithattu St. Antony's HSS, Mutholi, Pala Sebastian Lukose T.J Gopalan N.K Sel.

Grade Lecturer (Rtd.), University College, HSA (Retd), KKMGVHSS Vadakara Trivandrum Unnikrishnan T.I Dr. N Ratheesh Headmaster (Retd), AKKRHS for Boys, Asst. Professor, SN College, Kollam Kozhkode ENGLISH VERSION Pradeepkumar K.V Moothedath HSS, Taliparamba, Kannur Dr. Saji Mathew Premachandran K.V Asst. Professor, School of Letters, GHSS Maniyoor, Vadakara, Kozhikode M.G University Sajikumar K.G Famila E R GV & HSS for Girls, Manacaud, Trivandrum HSST, GHSS, Karunagappally Sureshkumar K Anil M R AMHSS, Thirumala, Trivandrum Govt.

GHSS, Karamana, Trivandrum Babu Payyath Dr Subash Babu K BPO, BRC, Kozhikode Deputy Director Muhammed Abdul Nazar Collegiate Education, Trivandrum Master Trainer, IT @ School ARTISTS Santhoshkumar V.G BYKVHSS, Valavanoor, Malappuram Musthajib E C Dr. Vishnu V.S MMETHS, Melmuri Asst. Prof., College of Engineering, Trivandrum Noushad Vellalasseri Sadanandan C Ganapath AUPS, Keezhisseri Pantheerankave HSS, Kozhikode Muhammed Shameem Muhammed Rafi C. VAUPS, Kavanoor Govt. Technical HS, Naruvambram, Kannur Lohithakshan K Shabu Ismail Assisi School for the Deaf, Malapparambu PMSAVHSS Chappanangadi, Malappuram K.T.

Manoj Viswanathan P CBHSS Vallikkunnu, Malappuram DDE Office, Malappuram Hasan C.C Academic Co-ordinator MMVHSS Parappil, Kozhikode Dr. Ancey Varughese Preethi K.A SHS Mannarkadu, Palakkad Research Officer, SCERT SHS Mannarkadu, Palakkad Research Officer, SCERT

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