80 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles TABLE 3.5 SAE J227a Standard Driving Schedules Test Parameter B C D SAE J227a Schedules Max. speed, kph (mph) 32 48 72 Acceleration time, t a s 19 18 28 Cruise time, t cr s 19 20 50 Coast time, t co s 4 8 10 Brake time, t br s 5 9 9 Idle time, t i s 25 25 25 Total time, s 72 80 122 Approximate number of cycles per mile 4–5 3 1 Example 3.1 The vehicle parameters for the 2011 Nissan Leaf are: vehicle mass = 1,521 kg; wheel radius = 0.4 m; frontal area = 2.16 m 2 and wheelbase = 2.7 m. The electric motor parameters are: L d = 1.52 mH, L q = 1.54 mH , R ph = Ω 0.046 , motor torque constant K e = 0.46 (phase, peak) and Vs λ m = 0.115 (phase, peak) .
The battery is rated at 40 kWh with a nominal DC bus voltage of 360 V. rad i. Develop a simulation model of the vehicle and generate the plots for (a) motor torque, (b) motor power, (c) battery energy consumption and (d) battery state-of-charge (SoC) as a function of time using the UDDS standard drive cycle. ii. Calculate the energy required for 50 and 70 miles of drive the Nissan Leaf based on the energy consumption for one UDDS cycle. Solution i. The simulation model is developed using the software tool MATLAB-Simulink ® . The block diagram of the simulation model is shown in Figure 3.25. The vehicle system is modeled based on the models developed in Chapter 2.
The battery and motor com- ponents use models that will be discussed later in Chapters 5 and 7, respectively. FIGURE 3.25 EV simulation model built for PSIM for Examples 3.1 and 3.2.