Lithium-Ion and Other Cell Chemistries 87 progress with their advanced LFP, chemistry they dubbed “nanophosphate.” A123 did some of the original design work for the Chevrolet Volt. They were also a recipient of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funding. A123 installed large stationary systems, automotive systems, and military systems among many others. However, after a forced recall of the Fisker battery system, A123 ended up filing bankruptcy. They successfully came out of Chapter 11 filing with Chinese company Wanxiang as the new owners. A123/ Wanxiang continues to operate today selling cells and systems.
Their headquarters are in Massachusetts, cell and pack manufacturing and engineering in Michigan, and cell manufacturing in China. ATL—Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) and their subsidiary Contemporary Amperex Technology Limited (CATL) are Chinese-based cell and pack manufacturers. As one of the largest producers of pouch-type lithium cells for consumer electronics, ATL has grown into a major producer of large format prismatic cells for grid, stationary, automo- tive, and other large applications. Bosch/Lithium Energy Japan (LEJ)—German-based Bosch has been developing battery pack solutions for years.
They had at one point a joint venture with Samsung (SB LiMo- tive) to offer a battery pack for the Fiat 500E. After the breakup of the joint venture (JV) with Samsung, Bosch entered into a relationship with Lithium Energy Japan (LEJ) in much the same structure as the original SB LiMotive JV. Boston-Power—Massachusetts-based Boston-Power developed a unique lithium-ion form factor, with a cell that is the same size of two 18650 cylindrical cans side by side. Their headquarters are in Westborough, Massachusetts and manufacturing is based in both Taiwan and China.
Their initial market focus was on portable power products such as laptop computer batteries, but they have grown into industrial- and automotive-type applications. BYD—Starting as one of the largest lithium-ion cell manufacturers in the world Chi- nese-based BYD has developed an LFP chemistry and moved from being a cell manu- facturer to begin a fully integrated vehicle manufacturer. They offer several HEV, PHEV, and BEV vehicles in China and are moving into the HEV and electric bus business. Continental/SK Energy—German-based Continental and Korean-based SK Energy formed a JV building on the expertise of both companies.
Continental has been working on engineering and battery system design for over 10 years. SK Energy is a relative new player in the lithium-ion cell market with an NMC chemistry and operations in Germany, Korea, and the United States. Electrovaya—Electrovaya is a Canadian-based company with global headquarters in Mississauga, Ontario and its US headquarter is in Saratoga County, New York. The company was originally formed in 1996 and became a public company in 2000. Electro- vaya focused on pouch-type cells for various applications from automotive to stationary and space-based applications.
EnerDel—a subsidiary of Ener1, EnerDel was formed as an outcome of a partnership between Ener1 and Delphi (Ener-Del). With an NMC-based pouch cell, EnerDel has their